RFQMR and Cytotron
As a recent technological development, Rotational Field Quantum Magnetic Resonance (RFQMR) is a based on NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), similar to the more common Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
NMR is a core technology utilised for imaging in MR-I while RFQ-MR is a more advanced kind of NMR developed for therapeutic applications. 

RFQMR combines rotating, multi-frequency, harmonic highly complex radio waves and a (pulsed) magnetic field. In the operating range this leads to the resonance of the available matter (in this case tissue). The radiation is non-ionizing with a scarcely heating effect (in human tissue). The Cytotron is the device generating RFQMR.

The Cytotrons utilised in the Quress centre in Leiden are 4^th generation devices: full body models with a spacious tunnel. Within the device 864 integrated parabolic reflectors and as many antennas are equally distributed. These produce a wide spectrum, strongly variable radio waves with multiple modulations creating instantaneously and temporarily a strongly variable magnetic field.
The radio frequencies range from 3 kHz to 300 MHz and the instantaneous magnetic field varies from 1 mT to 6T. (Current MRI scans have a force field ranging from app. 0,8 and 3T).

The Effect of RFQMR on Cells and Tissue
The effect of (pulsating) electrical magnetic fields (P-EMF: pulsed-electro magnetic field) has been researched for decades, both at the molecular level as well as in living tissues. ^{1 2 3 4 5} Both force fields appear to affect trans membrane potentials (TMP) and thus cell function. Depending on the utilized fields it is possible to cause regeneration as well as degeneration in tissues in vivo. ^{6 7 8 9} Infection reducing effects were also discovered. ^{10 11}
Moreover, recognised research studies demonstrate a synergetic effect of cytostatics with one of the fields in the treatment of (multi drug resistant) cancer. ^{12 13}

Recent research has demonstrates the effect of bursts of electrical pulses on the cell membrane.  The technology is referred to as ‘COFORN’. This is the acronym for "Continuous Flow Focussed Nano Permeabilization". Hereby, the cells are exposed to extremely short (60-600 nanosecond) electrical pulses (1-6 kV/cm). The result is a long-term reduction of the membrane resistance and a loss of membrane potential within the radiated tumour cells.  An envisaged effect of this treatment is that it increases the permeability of the cell so the tumour cell much more easily absorbs chemotherapeutics. As a result, significantly fewer side effects of the chemotherapy are to be expected and much higher/more effective doses may be administered.  Otherwise, without further therapy, the cell membrane might be damaged (by the cumulative doses) to such an extent that it might trigger cell death. Nonetheless, this new technique will only be clinically available in the near future. ¹⁴

As mentioned before, the RFQMR generated in de the Cytotron is a P EMF with strong embedded variable radio signals. Exposure to these non-ionising, non-thermal RFQMR radiation does not cause any uncontrollable destruction and entropy within the cell. Rather, it organises the related bio structures. ¹⁵
In principle, depending on the specific variations within the configured RFQMR, a predictable cell response can be expected. The Cytotron allows for extremely accurate RFQMR dosing for therapeutic purposes.   

The concept itself and the fact that there are measurable differences between healthy and pathological cells (such as o.a. proton density, TMP, ATP concentration, protein production,  permeability and conductivity, tumour suppressor proteïnes p53/p73) ^{16 17 18} appear to be the clues for the manipulation of tissues in clinical practice.
Due to the differences between pathologic and healthy tissue RFQMR (P EMF) has no, or practically no, effect on the healthy tissue. For the pathologic tissue this leads to the desired result: re- or degeneration, silencing or even apoptosis. ^{19 20}
Simply stated, the underlying principle compares to that of an (oscillating) plaster saw: it cuts plaster but does not cut the skin if the saw blade touches it. 

The footnote contains a quote of the hypothesis concerning the principle of operation developed by the Cytotron’s inventor, dr. Rajah Vijay Kumar, Chairman and Chief Scientific Officer of the Scalene Cybernetics Ltd. in Bangalore, India. ²¹
Prior to the RFQMR treatment, special MRI scans are made for dosimetry and focussing of the Cytotron. This is done in close consultation with a radiologist in an external diagnostic centre with the proper equipment.  Location, intensity, frequency and focus of RFQMR are determined based on tumour proton density. This is in the hands of physicians specifically trained and certified in Cytotron dosimetry.   

Prior to initiating the treatment, Quress invites the tending specialist(s), particularly the oncologist, to cooperate in the evaluation, by handing over the relevant data / parameters prior to (and preferably some time following) the treatment. In this way, the patient avoids double examinations and the tending physician remains in charge. In addition, Quress is able to build a database. 

Prior to and following the treatment, Quress invites patients to complete validated questionnaires covering their complaints such as VAS- quality of life/pain etc. and/or WOMAC. If necessary, we will determine the blood parameters. With osteoarthritis cases, the patient’s physiotherapist is also involved. 
All results, the positive as well as the negative, are anonymised and filed in a database. In the near future, again with the patient’s approval only, these data will be published on this website. This part of the site will be accessible via a login code.

Indications:

1.Osteoarthritis
The RFQMR osteoarthritis treatment consists of a series of 21 consecutive daily sessions lasting 30-60 minutes. RFQMR appears to affect the cell membrane potential and the p70/p90 pathways in order to (re)activate the chondrocytes and to stimulate cartilage regeneration.

Based on the detected cartilage parameters, Cytotron's radio waves are properly focussed. We make sure that the desired effect occurs in the proper location and on the correct tissue.  Resonance has no (clinically relevant effect) on the surrounding non-cartilage tissue. Data collected in India show an MRI-measured cartilage increase of 65% for 85% of the treated joints. The cartilage increase is accompanied by reduced pain levels and improved mobility. (These results were found in the study required for obtaining the CE certification). Obviously, the effective lifespan of the results greatly depends on the actual loads on the joint. Currently, the number of osteoarthritis patients treated by Quress in The Netherlands is yet too insignificant to draw  conclusions (October 2009). 

2.Malignities
RFQMR is exclusively utilised for SOLID tumours when no benefits are expected anymore from acknowledged oncological treatments. In time, it may also be promoted as a supplementary therapy. In principle, Quress exclusively accepts patients whose tending specialist oncologist has been informed. Quress will not take over the treatment.

The Cytotron is only suitable for treating tumour(s) of which the proton density can be determined. Other forms of cancer, such as leukaemia and bone marrow cancer cannot (yet) be treated with the Cytotron.
RFQMR treatment of a (solid) malignity consists of a series of 28 consecutive 60-minute daily sessions. Prior to the treatment, tumour proton density and location are determined for each patient by means of an MRI. The dosimetry based on these facts assures that clinically relevant resonance only occurs within the tumour tissue. If there are many (minor) metastases, the Cytotron may be employed to administer a ‘total body’ treatment.

The CE certification study performed in the clinical test centre in India revealed that on average 30-50% of the group of terminal patients, for whom there was no possible beneficial oncological treatment, experienced a doubled medical survival rate. Additionally, patients mentioned a (subjective) improved quality of life. Comparison of the before and after MRI’s reveal a stable or reduced tumour size. RFQMR is incidentally also employed to reduce the pre-operative tumour size in the Glenn Eagles Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. For tumours removed in this way a high apoptosis-marker content was determined.

Physicians will be able to access the treatment results of the Quress centre in Leiden with a login code on this website by early 2010. With much reservation, in view of the recent start of Cytotron treatments in the Quress centre and in view of the limited number of treated patients, we note similar results as the ones mentioned in the studies conducted in India.

Contraindications:
The contraindications for RFQMR treatment are the same as those for making an MRI. Pacemakers, or other radio sensitive and ferromagnetic implants, as well as pregnancy, among other things, are absolute contraindications. Although the Cytotron is a little more spacious and more comfortable than an MRI, claustrophobia may be a limitation since an MRI is required prior to the RFQMR treatment.  

It is important that the tumour area and the specific parameters (such as the proton density) are accurately determined by means of the MRI. Perhaps teeth implants (magnetic or non-magnetic types) may be a contraindication. These may disturb the imaging process and interfere with the Cytotron’s proper operation in their area.

Interaction with Drugs:
In view of the assumed principle of operation of RFQMR (cell membrane manipulation) all patients are advised not to use calcium channel blockers and proton pump inhibitors. If necessary, the drug may (temporarily) be replaced by the physician writing the prescription.

In case of osteoarthritis treatment, this also applies in principle for NSAID’s and alkaloids such as morfine, cafeine, theofylline and pilocarpine among others.

As a temporary measure, Quress has decided to not provide Cytotron treatments within 1 or 2 weeks following chemotherapy.

Supplementary Therapy or Measures:
If the patient has a normal, balanced diet then a multivitamin food supplement is recommended. If the individual situation demands it another approach may be chosen.

During the osteoarthritis treatment, the patient needs to take much rest to provide ample opportunity for the regeneration process. Starting from approx. the middle of the RFQMR treatment, the pain should reduce and patients are advised to gradually increase the load under the guidance of a physiotherapist.

Side Effects:
During and immediately after an RFQMR treatment patients may experience a tingling feeling, slight headache, drowsiness and sometimes nausea. These complaints usually disappear over time.

After approx. 2 weeks of treating patients with a malignity, more exhaustion symptoms may occur which may last for some time. Yet, with the seriously ill patients who came to us for treatment, we have also seen the reverse.

Undesirable Long-Term Effects:
RFQMR is a recent, very technical treatment method. The treatment affects the (sub) cellular level of the diseased tissue. The utilised frequencies and the intensity range are below the limits of the ANSI C95.1-1982/ Radio Frequency Protection Guides. Based on the currently available scientific data no averse long-term effects are expected.

The Cytotron in Europe
The Cytotron research and treatment results obtained in 2003 were so promising that it appeared to be worth the effort to visit the cradle of RFQMR. The technique was thoroughly studied in Bangalore and we consulted extensively with the developer, Dr. Rajah Vijay Kumar and his staff. Moreover, we followed (seriously ill) patients receiving treatment. Among these were also Dutch patients who made a trip to India to receive treatment. At the time, the Cytotron had a ‘tunnel’ with a length of approx. 50 cm. In spite of this, we witnessed significant improvements. Having become impressed, we decided to introduce the Cytotron to The Netherlands. We applied for CE certification for the Cytotron which in the meantime had been upscaled to the full-body model. By the middle of 2009 CE 2A marking was issued permitting Quress to treat patients in the European Union. Since then the treatments were started in Leiden, The Netherlands.

Our anonymised (research and) treatment results will be made available on the internet to provide maximum information to insurers, clinical staff, scientists and, last but not least, to politicians. We trust that the Cytotron treatment will eventually be covered by the basic health insurance package.

Critical Opinions/Opponents
It should be clear that Quress trusts the use of the Cytotron. Substantial financial investments were made with the prospect of a broader application of the technology.

At the introduction of any new technology there will be factions of supporters and opponents. Particularly when it concerns medical claims, the reactions are quite vociferous. This will be evident from blogs and forum discussions found by Googling RFQMR. Sometimes, the opposing opinions are without nuance. At other times, they can or will be used for critical introspection or even modification of treatment protocols. Quress strives for a maximum transparency by publishing up-to-date documentation of our own  (anonymised) treatment results on the website. We hope to have this in place by early 2010. (a few links: http://fora.diagnosekanker.nl , http://www.kanker-actueel.nl/ , http://physicaltherapy.rehabedge.com )

Future Applications with Favourable Treatment Results, a Start
One of the future applications is the previously described synergy between chemotherapeutics and COFORN technology.

Next, we should mention adjuvant RFQMR treatment after surgical removal of a non-metastasized, solid tumour. Please note: prior to the operation the proton density (PD) must be determined.

It should be attempted to stabilize the tumour by means of RFQMR prior to the operation. It is hoped that by means of this approach resection-caused (micro)metastasizing will be prevented. 

In view of the success rate of chemotherapy and the serious consequences of ionising radiation, RFQMR might be a good addition to the therapeutic available.

At any rate, the patient remains in the care of his/her general practitioner or specialist. Quress will not take over the treatment.

There is every reason to assume that if RFQMR has a regenerative effect on cartilage it will also be possible to apply this to other types of tissue.

What Can You Do?
The oncological RFQMR treatment achieves the best result when the primary tumour’s proton density is known. For many end stage patients the primary tumour is no longer present. When the proton density is determined prior to the removal of the primary tumour, it offers patients in a later stage a better chance of a successful RFQMR treatment. If you want consultation about this, please feel free to contact us.

Afterword
As might be expected this soon after starting our treatments, primarily patients with quite serious malignities have booked a series of sessions. Quress is well aware of the extremely vulnerable position of these patients. Indeed, they have nowhere else to go. According to the perspective of Quress, the treatment should be paid for by the health insurance providers. However, this is not yet the case.

Footnotes/References

¹  Nucleaire inductie:

F. Bloch
Stanford University, California

Received 19 July 1946

The magnetic moments of nuclei in normal matter will result in a nuclear paramagnetic polarization upon establishment of equilibrium in a constant magnetic field. It is shown that a radiofrequency field at right angles to the constant field causes a forced precession of the total polarization around the constant field with decreasing latitude as the Larmor frequency approaches adiabatically the frequency of the r-f field. Thus there results a component of the nuclear polarization at right angles to both the constant and the r-f field and it is shown that under normal laboratory conditions this component can induce observable voltages. In Section 3 we discuss this nuclear induction, considering the effect of external fields only, while in Section 4 those modifications are described which originate from internal fields and finite relaxation times.

http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v70/i7-8/p460_1

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² PMCID: PMC1368033 Morphogenesis as Influenced by Locally Administered Magnetic Fields
W. C. Levengood
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract
An alteration in morphogenetic development induced in Drosophila melanogaster pupae by exposure to a magnetic probe was shown to persist for more than 30 generations. With succeeding inbred crossings, an initial increase in the time of development through the embryonic and postembryonic stages gradually approached the level found in control cultures. As the development time decreased, a concomitant increase occurred in the yield of progeny. The pattern of morphogenesis suggested a condition of homeostasis operating in an oscillating epigenetic system. The concept of a feedback control mechanism was employed to examine details of the alterations in development time. The data were compatible with this model and rates of recovery from an initial perturbation were determined in several series inbred for a large number of generations. Variations in rate constants and mechanisms involved in the magnetic field inhibition are discussed.

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1368033

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³ Marko S. Markov; Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy history, state of the art and future; 11-2006

Abstract
Magnetic and electromagnetic fields are now recognized by the 21st century medicine as real physical entities that promise the healing of various health problems, even when conventional medicine has failed. Today magnetotherapy provides a non-invasive, safe, and easy method to directly treat the site of injury, the source of pain and inflammation, and other types of diseases and pathologies. Millions of people worldwide have received help in treatment of musculoskeletal system, as well as pain relief. Pulsed electromagnetic fields are one important modality in magnetotherapy and recent technological innovations, such as Curatron pulsed electromagnetic field devices, offer excellent, state of the art computer controlled therapy system. In this article the development, state of the art and future of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy are discussed.

http://www.springerlink.com/content/g144u077k557k344/

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⁴ Marko S. Markov: Therapeutic application of static magnetic fields. Published online: 1 July 2007

Abstract
The interest toward clinical application of magnetic and electromagnetic stimulation increases worldwide. Numerous publications discussed the possibility exogenous magnetic and electromagnetic fields to initiate effects on various biological processes, which are of critical importance for healing of different injuries and pathologies. Today, magnetic and electromagnetic fields are increasingly utilized for treatment of various musculoskeletal injuries and pathologies. For musculoskeletal injuries and post-surgical, post traumatic and chronic wounds, reduction of edema is a major therapeutic factor in the acceleration of pain and stress relief, and thus contribute to healing processes. Electromagnetic and magnetic fields appear to be unique in their safety during clinical use. The application of this new modality will be facilitated by searching for biophysical mechanisms of action as well as by establishing exact dosimetry of application. In that respect basic science research needs to be developed in parallel with clinical applications. Magnetotherapy provides a non-invasive, safe, and easy method to directly treat the site of injury, the source of pain and inflammation, and other types of injury. Unfortunately, there are many obstacles that magnetotherapy has to overcome—both from the mainstream medicine as well as from the manufacturers and distributors of magnetic devices. The physical principle of magnetism as well as the physiological bases for the use of magnetic field for tissue repair are subjects of this review.

Keywords  Permanent magnets - Therapy - Magnetic fields

http://www.springerlink.com/content/h566722u28832247/

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⁵ Een sterk continu EMF (GSM) beïnvloedt groei bepaalde epitheliale kankertypen:

Watson J, Parish E, Rinehart C. Selective potentiation of gynaecologic cancer cell growth in vitro by electromagnetic fields. Gyn Oncol 1998; 71:64-71.

Abstract
Objective.Epidemiological data suggest that exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) may increase the risk of various cancers. We evaluated EMF effects on thein vitrogrowth response of human cell lines isolated from various reproductive tract tissues. We also assessed the effects of EMF on cisplatin- or paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity.
Methods.Endometrial, ovarian, and prostate cancer cell lines as well as immortalized endometrial stromal cells and immortalized ovarian epithelial cells were exposed continually to EMF. Proliferation was assessed by the metabolic activity assay, MTT, direct cell counting, and anchorage-independent colony formation in soft agar. Cytotoxicity induced by cisplatin or paclitaxel was assessed using the MTT assay.
Results.Continuous exposure to EMF at field strengths of 2 G enhanced proliferation of two human prostate and three endometrial, but only one ovarian, cancer cell lines. EMF enhanced metabolic activity of cancer cells within 96 h and increased absolute cell number (anchorage-dependent proliferation) and colony-forming efficiency (anchorage-independent proliferation) over sham-treated controls. EMF had no effect on cytotoxicity induced by the chemotherapeutic agents Taxol or cisplatin.
Conclusions.Continuous exposure to EMF can enhance growth rates of transformed cells for some human epithelial cancers. Cancer cells from the steroid sex hormone regulated tissues of endometrium and prostate appeared to be more responsive to EMF than cells from ovarian cancers.

Author Keywords: EMF; cancer; proliferation

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WG6-45JB939-2N&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1025989313&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=cb969cb9657b8cbb9c3c9b518bf6347f

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⁶ M. Fini a, G. Giavaresi, A. Carpi, A. Nicolini, S. Setti, R. Giardino; Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on articular hyaline cartilage: review of experimental and clinical studies; 7-7-2005;

Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disorder of the musculoskeletal system and is a consequence of mechanical and biological events that destabilize tissue homeostasis in articular joints. Controlling chondrocyte death and apoptosis, function, response to anabolic and catabolic stimuli, matrix synthesis or degradation and inflammation is the most important target of potential chondroprotective treatment, aimed to retard or stabilize the progression of OA. Although many drugs or substances have been recently introduced for the treatment of OA, the majority of them relieve pain and increase function, but do not modify the complex pathological processes that occur in these tissues. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have a number of well-documented physiological effects on cells and tissues including the upregulation of gene expression of members of the transforming growth factor β super family, the increase in glycosaminoglycan levels, and an anti-inflammatory action. Therefore, there is a strong rationale supporting the in vivo use of biophysical stimulation with PEMFs for the treatment of OA. In the present paper some recent experimental in vitro and in vivo data on the effect of PEMFs on articular cartilage were reviewed. These data strongly support the clinical use of PEMFs in OA patients.

Keywords: Articular cartilage; Osteoarthritis; Pulsed electromagnetic fields

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VKN-4GK1DST-4&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1022511493&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=94fc47f5bfb36d4d5ecf3b10647e88d3

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⁷ Shahin Ahmadian, Saeed Rezaei Zarchi and Bahram Bolouri; The Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Collagen Synthesis of Rat Skin: a Biochemical and Histoligical Approach; 14-12-2005;

ABSTRACT
The efficacious effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) under the certain field parameters like frequency and the field intensity have been reported for various tissue and molecules. Since collagen is found abundantly in most tissue structures, this research was designed to further investigate the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) PEMF on the synthesis of the epidermal collagen. To do the task, six groups of animals each consisting of eight mature male rats were selected randomly as one group for the control and five for the test. The field was generated by using a parallel set of Helmholtz coil. The first set of experiments was carried out at the peak intensity of 2 mT (milli Tesla) for different frequencies of 25, 50 and 100 Hz. Since the most effective frequency turned out to be 25 Hz, another set of experiment was conducted using this frequency and two different field intensities of 1 and 4 mT. The field was applied for 2.5 h/day lasting for 8 days, keeping the same procedure for the control group except for the field turned off. On the ninth day, the rats were sacrificed and the skin samples from the dorsal region were taken for biochemical assessment of collagen by measuring hydroxyproline content using Stegeman-Stalder method and histological assessment. The data indicated that pulsed electromagnetic field of 2 mT at 25 Hz increased the collagen synthesis (P<0.05). The other intensities and frequency setting did not have much distinguishable effect, however, at the frequency of 25 Hz and 4 mT, the field effect on the collagen increase was also noticeable. It was
concluded that applying the field parameters of 25 Hz and 2 mT peak intensity for 2.5 h/day during eight days rendered a significant increase in collagen synthesis in rat skin. Histological observations were consistent with the biochemical findings.

http://www.pasteur.ac.ir/WEB-IBJ/January2006/Ahmadian.pdf

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⁸ Arthur A. Pilla; Mechanisms and therapeutic applications of time-varying and static magnetic fields; 2006; Handbook

http://www.healinglightseminars.com/products/curatronic/pdf/Bioelectrochemistry.pdf

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 ⁹ Ivan L. Cameron1  , Nicholas J. Short1 and Marko S. Markov2 : Safe alternative cancer therapy using electromagnetic fields

1 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA 2 Research International, 135 Arielle Ct, Suite R, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
Abstract  This article highlights recent research on the beneficial use of selected low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) as a safe alternative therapy for treatment of cancer and other health problems. It is shown that EMF therapy provides a safe alternative and adjunct modality for the treatment of cancer and other health problems, and therefore, research in this field deserves more support. The paper also discusses some reports and hypothesis of potential risk of human exposure to low frequency EMF, mainly to the power line frequency of 60 Hz.

Keywords  Bioelectromagnetics - Cancer therapy - Electromagnetic field (EMF) - EMF risks - EMF therapy

http://www.springerlink.com/content/08h2n61822187787/

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¹⁰ Nicolakis P, Kollmitzer J, Crevenna R, Bittner C, Erdogmus CB, Nicolakis J.; Pulsed magnetic field therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee--a double-blind sham-controlled trial; Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2002 Aug 30;114(15-16):678-84;

BACKGROUND AND METHODS:
Pulsed magnetic field therapy is frequently used to treat the symptoms of osteoarthritis, although its efficacy has not been proven. We conducted a randomized, double-blind comparison of pulsed magnetic field and sham therapy in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. Patients were assigned to receive 84 sessions, each with a duration of 30 minutes, of either pulsed magnetic field or sham treatment. Patients administered the treatment on their own at home, twice a day for six weeks. RESULTS: According to a sample size estimation, 36 consecutive patients were enrolled. 34 patients completed the study, two of whom had to be excluded from the statistical analysis, as they had not applied the PMF sufficiently. Thus, 15 verum and 17 sham-treated patients were enrolled in the statistical analysis. After six weeks of treatment the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index was reduced in the pulsed magnetic field-group from 84.1 (+/- 45.1) to 49.7 (+/- 31.6), and from 73.7 (+/- 43.3) to 66.9 (+/- 52.9) in the sham-treated group (p = 0.03). The following secondary parameters improved in the pulsed magnetic field group more than they did in the sham group: gait speed at fast walking [+6.0 meters per minute (1.6 to 10.4) vs. -3.2 (-8.5 to 2.2)], stride length at fast walking [+6.9 cm (0.2 to 13.7) vs. -2.9 (-8.8 to 2.9)], and acceleration time in the isokinetic dynamometry strength tests [-7.0% (-15.2 to 1.3) vs. 10.1% (-0.3 to 20.6)].

CONCLUSION:
In patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee, PMF treatment can reduce impairment in activities of daily life and improve knee function.

PMID: 12602111 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE];

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12602111

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¹¹ Kumar VS, Kumar DA, Kalaivani K, Gangadharan AC, Raju KV, Thejomoorthy P, Manohar BM, Puvanakrishnan R.; Optimization of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy for management of arthritis in rats; Bioelectromagnetics. 2005 Sep;26(6):431-9;

PMID: 15887257 [PubMed - in process];

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15887257

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¹² Een tiental onderzoeken op PubMed over combi met chemotherapie:

PMID: 8878572
PMID: 12793569
PMID: 12770519
PMID: 8189374
PMID: 12395412
PMID: 12395412
PMID: 10738905
PMID: 12881995
PMID: 11299755
PMID: 16545134

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¹³ Combi met chemotherapie:
Salvatore J, Blackinton D, Polk C, Mehta S. Non-Ionising electromagnetic radiation: A study of carcinogenic and cancer treatment potential. Review on Env Health 1994; 10: 197– 207.

Met cross links: Williams C, Markov M, Hardman W, Cameron I. Therapeutic electromagnetic field effects on angiogensis and tumor growth. Antican 2001; 21: 3887-3892.

http://www.springerlink.com/content/08h2n61822187787/

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¹⁴ Plasma Membrane Permeabilization by 60- and 600-ns Electric Pulses Is Determined by the Absorbed Dose

Bennett L. Ibey,^1* Shu Xiao,² Karl H. Schoenbach,² Michael R. Murphy,¹ and Andrei G. Pakhomov²  2009 february.

¹Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Brooks City Base, San Antonio, Texas

²Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk,Virginia

We explored how the effect of plasma membrane permeabilization by nanosecond-duration electric pulses (nsEP) depends on the physical characteristics of exposure. The resting membrane resistance (Rm) and membrane potential (MP) were measured in cultured GH3 and CHO cells by conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Intact cells were exposed to a single nsEP (60 or 600 ns duration, 0-22 kV/cm), followed by patch-clamp measurements after a 2-3 min delay. Consistent with earlier findings, nsEP caused long-lasting Rm decrease, accompanied by the loss of MP. The threshold for these effects was about 6 kV/cm for 60 ns pulses, and about 1 kV/cm for 600 ns pulses. Further analysis established that it was neither pulse duration nor the E-field amplitude per se, but the absorbed dose that determined the magnitude of the biological effect. In other words, exposure to nsEP at either pulse duration caused equal effects if the absorbed doses were equal. The threshold absorbed dose to produce plasma membrane effects in either GH3 or CHO cells at either pulse duration was found to be at or below 10 mJ/g. Despite being determined by the dose, the nsEP effect clearly is not thermal, as the maximum heating at the threshold dose is less than 0.01 °C. The use of the absorbed dose as a universal exposure metric may help to compare and quantify nsEP sensitivity of different cell types and of cells in different physiological conditions. The absorbed dose may also prove to be a more useful metric than the incident E-field in determining safety limits for high peak, lowaverage power EMF emissions.

PMCID: PMC2632729
NIHMSID: NIHMS77690

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2632729

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¹⁵ Jan J. Spitzer and Bert Poolman; Electrochemical structure of the crowded cytoplasm; 10-2005;

The current view of the cytoplasm as a ‘bustling and well-organized metropolitan city’ raises the issue of how physicochemical forces control the macromolecular interactions and transport of metabolites and energy in the cell. Motivated by studies on bacterial osmosensors, we argue that charged cytoplasmic macromolecules are stabilized electrostatically by their ionic atmospheres. The high cytoplasmic crowding (25–50% of cell volume) shapes the remaining cell volume (50–75%) into transient networks of electrolyte pathways and pools. The predicted ‘semi-conductivity’ of the electrolyte pathways guides the flow of biochemical ions throughout the cytoplasm. This metabolic and signaling current is powered by variable electrochemical gradients between the pools. The electrochemical gradients are brought about by cellular biochemical reactions and by extracellular stimuli. The cellular metabolism is thus vectorial not only across the membrane but also throughout the cytoplasm.

http://www.cell.com/trends/biochemical-sciences/abstract/S0968-0004(05)00237-9

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¹⁶ Jerald J. Killion; Electrical properties of normal and transformed mammalian cells; 03-1984;

The transmembrane potential difference, Em, and DC membrane resistance were measured in 3T3 and polyoma virus-transformed 3T3 cells. Em was a function of cell density and was -12 and -25 mV for the normal and transformed cells, respectively. The external concentrations of K+, Na+, and Cl were varied in order to study the nature of the differences between the two cell types. The relative permeability of ions was calculated to be: PNa/PK, 1.0; PCl/PK, 1.88; PNa/PCl, 0.53 for 3T3 cells, and 0.27, 1.75, and 0.15 for the transformed cells. In contrast to the normal cells, PNa/PK varied as a function of the external K+ concentration for the transformed cells. It was emphasized that the manipulation of variables directly affecting the electrical properties of cells also involves the indirect manipulation of a network of interconnected physiological determinants.

http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006349584841892

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¹⁸ Overzicht van onderzoeksresultaten in PubMed, die verschillen in membraanpotentiaal tussen gezonde en kanker cellen aantonen:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Link&db=pubmed&dbFrom=PubMed&from_uid=3965134

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¹⁹ Control of Somatic Cell Mitosis by Simulated Changes in the Transmembrane Potential Level
C.D. Cone, Jr., M. Tongier, Jr.

Experiments designed to test the premis that variations in intracellular ionic concentrations accompanying different levels of the electrical transmembrane potential difference might serve as a mechanism for control of mitosis in somatic cells have yielded results supporting the validity of the premise Employing naturally synchronized CHO cells in vitro and test media designed to produce intracellular concentrations of Na+, K+, and CI- approximating those which would exist at various naturally-generated Em levels in vivo, it was found that mitosis was completely, but reversibly, blocked in both short and long-term tests by simulated Em levels of --70 mV and greater. This blockage was furthermore found to result from complete, but reversible, prevention of DNA synthesis. These findings that simulated high Em levels introduce a reversible G1 mitotic block in somatic cells in vitro lend credence to the supposition that natural modulation of cellular Em levels in vivo may constitute a basic mechanism for mitosis control in vivo.

http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=224567&Ausgabe=245346&ProduktNr=223857

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²⁰ Effects of electric pulses on apoptosis induction and mitochondrial transmembrane potential of cancer cells
Fang-Yi Jiang3, Li-Ling Tang3  , Chao Zeng3, Huan Liu3, Ke-Dao Liang4, Yan Mi4 and Cai-Xin Sun4
Application of electric pulses is becoming a promising strategy to killing cancer. In this study, the effects of different pulses on the apoptosis and mitochondrial transmembrane potential of human cancer cells SMMC7721 were studied. In our experiments, the apoptosis in cells was determined using Annexin-V-FITC. Results showed that 1.8µs, 200V/cm and 250 V/cm electric fields induced cells apoptosis while 120ns, 600V/cm pulses didn’t have significant apoptotic effect on cells. Using confocal microscopy, changes of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δφm) were investigated when cells exposed to electric fields in real-time way. Results showed that the electric stimulation decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Interestingly, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential decreased more significantly in cells that were exposed to the 120ns, 600V/cm electric fields (67.09%) compared to the cells in 1.8µs, 200V/cm and 250V/cm (23.71%,28.44%). In conclusion, electric pulses can induce cell apoptosis and decrease the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, depending on the duration and electric intensity of electric pulses. Moreover, shorter pulses have more effect on intracellular structure.

http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=ux87840834664152&size=largest

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²¹ It is known that the chromosomes, following the cell signaling received as a result of the variations of potential (-70 to –90 m V normal, -40 to –60 when infected, -20 to –30 in cancer and 0 when dead) in the cytoplasmic membrane, activate through electromechanical effects (also called stress responsive) the emission of messages by the genes that regulate cell dynamics for normal cell functions or for the mitochondrial activities for ATP production. An electrical equivalent circuit composed of a Zener diode attached to the base of a bipolar transistor is offered as a model for the operation of the mitochondrion. The Zener diode represents the on/off pulse operation of some cell functions, the combined circuit impedance of the glycoproteinic sensors present on the mitochondrial membrane, and the transistor represents the ATP activation process.
It is supposed that the excessive production of the ATP is related to an alteration of the
glycoproteinic sensors present on the mitochondrion membrane with consequent lowering of the impedance that in turn does not discriminate between the signals in frequency and activates the production of ATP in an almost continual way. The cancer cell would therefore go in to mitosis due to the excess of ATP. RFQMR radiations are used to act on the mitochondrial membrane, increasing the impedance of the glycoproteinic sensors through the lengthening of the polyglycidic chain. The spin of the RFQMR field is used to interfere with the communication between the genes and the protoplasmic glycoproteinic complexes involved in the promotion of cell mitosis.
It is thought that the impedance of the mitochondrial membrane of the messages coming from the genes increase with RFQMR treatment and with increase in malignancy (the highest impedance of undifferentiated tumors). This is related to a greater alteration of the sensors of the undifferentiated tumors and therefore to their greater predisposition to the bond with polyglycidic chains. The undifferentiated neoplastic cells, because of the high impedance induced on the mitochondrial membrane by the RFQMR radiation exposure, it stops producing ATP and therefore ‘possibly’ enters in to necrosis. Following the exposure, the undifferentiated neoplastic cells have an impedance which is still sensitive to some signaling coming from the chromosomes promoting the normal production of ATP, so the cells change their state of mitosis; however they continue to live in a quiescent state (vegetative form of life) until it finally attains apoptosis. The responsible protein-signaling pathway is targeted to be P 73 (a silent partner of P 53) as P 53 is mutated to start with.
The normal cells are not influenced by the RFQMR radiation exposure as the impedance of their mitochondrial sensors are not modified and remain sensitive to signals that arrive from the chromosomes for the activation of ATP synthesis (the proton density or the number of hydrogen atoms of the tumor cells are different from that of normal tissues).
There is evidence that thoracic tumors exposed to RFQMR have undergone necrosis in some cases and apoptosis in other, sometimes both types of cellular destruction is seen, with apoptosis being more pronounced.

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